ジェミニ天文台や他の望遠鏡からの観測は、過度の曇りを明らかにします[{” attribute=””>Uranus makes it paler than Neptune.
Astronomers may now understand why the similar planets Uranus and Neptune have distinctive hues. Researchers constructed a single atmospheric model that matches observations of both planets using observations from the Gemini North telescope, the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, and the Hubble Space Telescope. The model reveals that excess haze on Uranus accumulates in the planet’s stagnant, sluggish atmosphere, giving it a lighter hue than Neptune.
海王星と天王星は多くの共通点を持っています-それらは同じような質量、サイズ、そして大気組成を持っています-それでもそれらの外見は著しく異なります。 可視波長では、海王星は目に見えて青い色ですが、天王星は薄いシアンの色合いです。 天文学者は、2つの惑星の色が非常に異なる理由について説明しています。
新しい研究によると、両方の惑星で見つかった集中ヘイズの層は、海王星の同様の層よりも天王星の方が厚く、海王星よりも天王星の外観を「白く」します。[1] 霧がない場合 雰囲気 海王星と天王星からは、どちらもほぼ同じ青色で表示されます。[2]
この結論はモデルから来ています[3] オックスフォード大学の惑星物理学の教授であるパトリック・アーウィンが率いる国際チームが、海王星と天王星の大気中のエアロゾル層を説明するために開発したこと。[4] これらの惑星の上層大気の以前の調査は、特定の波長での大気の出現にのみ焦点を合わせていました。 ただし、この新しいモデルは複数の大気層で構成されており、広範囲の波長にわたる両方の惑星からの観測と一致します。 新しいモデルには、以前はメタンと硫化水素の氷の雲だけが含まれていると考えられていた、より深い層内のファジー粒子も含まれています。
「これは、紫外線から近赤外線までの反射太陽光の観測に同期的に適合する最初のモデルです」と、Journal of Geophysical Research:Planetsでこの発見を発表した研究論文の筆頭著者であるIrwinは説明しました。 「彼はまた、天王星と海王星の目に見える色の違いを最初に説明した人でもあります。」
チームのモデルは、さまざまな高度にある3層のエアロゾルで構成されています。[5] 色に影響を与える主な層は中間層です。これは、霧の粒子の層(紙ではエアロゾル層-2と呼ばれます)であり、 天王星 の ネプチューン。 チームは、両方の惑星で、メタン氷がこの層の粒子に凝縮し、メタンの雪が降るにつれて粒子を大気中に深く引き込むと考えています。 海王星の大気は天王星の大気よりも活発で乱れているため、チームは海王星の大気がメタン粒子をヘイズ層に迂回させてその雪を生成するのにより効率的であると信じています。 これにより、より多くのヘイズが除去され、海王星のヘイズ層が天王星よりも薄く保たれます。つまり、海王星の青がより強く見えることを意味します。
の天文学者、マイク・ウォン[{” attribute=””>University of California, Berkeley, and a member of the team behind this result. “Explaining the difference in color between Uranus and Neptune was an unexpected bonus!”
To create this model, Irwin’s team analyzed a set of observations of the planets encompassing ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths (from 0.3 to 2.5 micrometers) taken with the Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrometer (NIFS) on the Gemini North telescope near the summit of Maunakea in Hawai‘i — which is part of the international Gemini Observatory, a Program of NSF’s NOIRLab — as well as archival data from the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, also located in Hawai‘i, and the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
The NIFS instrument on Gemini North was particularly important to this result as it is able to provide spectra — measurements of how bright an object is at different wavelengths — for every point in its field of view. This provided the team with detailed measurements of how reflective both planets’ atmospheres are across both the full disk of the planet and across a range of near-infrared wavelengths.
“The Gemini observatories continue to deliver new insights into the nature of our planetary neighbors,” said Martin Still, Gemini Program Officer at the National Science Foundation. “In this experiment, Gemini North provided a component within a suite of ground- and space-based facilities critical to the detection and characterization of atmospheric hazes.”
The model also helps explain the dark spots that are occasionally visible on Neptune and less commonly detected on Uranus. While astronomers were already aware of the presence of dark spots in the atmospheres of both planets, they didn’t know which aerosol layer was causing these dark spots or why the aerosols at those layers were less reflective. The team’s research sheds light on these questions by showing that a darkening of the deepest layer of their model would produce dark spots similar to those seen on Neptune and perhaps Uranus.
Notes
- This whitening effect is similar to how clouds in exoplanet atmospheres dull or ‘flatten’ features in the spectra of exoplanets.
- The red colors of the sunlight scattered from the haze and air molecules are more absorbed by methane molecules in the atmosphere of the planets. This process — referred to as Rayleigh scattering — is what makes skies blue here on Earth (though in Earth’s atmosphere sunlight is mostly scattered by nitrogen molecules rather than hydrogen molecules). Rayleigh scattering occurs predominantly at shorter, bluer wavelengths.
- An aerosol is a suspension of fine droplets or particles in a gas. Common examples on Earth include mist, soot, smoke, and fog. On Neptune and Uranus, particles produced by sunlight interacting with elements in the atmosphere (photochemical reactions) are responsible for aerosol hazes in these planets’ atmospheres.
- A scientific model is a computational tool used by scientists to test predictions about a phenomena that would be impossible to do in the real world.
- The deepest layer (referred to in the paper as the Aerosol-1 layer) is thick and is composed of a mixture of hydrogen sulfide ice and particles produced by the interaction of the planets’ atmospheres with sunlight. The top layer is an extended layer of haze (the Aerosol-3 layer) similar to the middle layer but more tenuous. On Neptune, large methane ice particles also form above this layer.
More information
This research was presented in the paper “Hazy blue worlds: A holistic aerosol model for Uranus and Neptune, including Dark Spots” to appear in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.
The team is composed of P.G.J. Irwin (Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK), N.A. Teanby (School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK), L.N. Fletcher (School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, UK), D. Toledo (Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Spain), G.S. Orton (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA), M.H. Wong (Center for Integrative Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA), M.T. Roman (School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, UK), S. Perez-Hoyos (University of the Basque Country, Spain), A. James (Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK), J. Dobinson (Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK).
NSF’s NOIRLab (National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory), the US center for ground-based optical-infrared astronomy, operates the international Gemini Observatory (a facility of NSF, NRC–Canada, ANID–Chile, MCTIC–Brazil, MINCyT–Argentina, and KASI–Republic of Korea), Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), the Community Science and Data Center (CSDC), and Vera C. Rubin Observatory (operated in cooperation with the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory). It is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with NSF and is headquartered in Tucson, Arizona. The astronomical community is honored to have the opportunity to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak) in Arizona, on Maunakea in Hawai‘i, and on Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón in Chile. We recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that these sites have for the Tohono O’odham Nation, the Native Hawaiian community, and the local communities in Chile, respectively.
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